Similarly, repetitive presentation of phase-reversing gratings to awake mice over several days results in significant potentiation of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in V1 specifically to the trained stimulus ( Frenkel et al., 2006 Cooke et al., 2015). Previous visual experience can increase the stimulus selectivity of time-locked neural activity in V1 of awake mice ( Poort et al., 2015). Prior research in this area has primarily focused on the analysis of neuronal responses time-locked to the visual stimuli. Visual familiarity arises as animals experience particular visual stimuli, and manifests as changes in neural activity from the naive state within the primary visual cortex (V1). However, the neural substrates underlying these processes are poorly understood. This recognition and differentiation of information require the segregation of familiar and novel sensory inputs. Efficient strategies are necessary to recognize and differentiate among various visual contexts and stimuli. Perception and processing of sensory information are critical for animal survival. Our work demonstrates a new mechanism of visual stimulus feature detection and learning. These familiarity evoked oscillations influence neuronal responses to the oncoming stimuli in a way that depends on the oscillation phase. We have discovered that persistent low-frequency oscillations in the primary visual cortex encode information about familiarity and the spatial frequency of the stimulus. However, the mechanistic understanding of how this process takes place is lacking. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous experience can influence the processing of incoming sensory information by the brain and alter perception.
Stimulus duration framen psychopy code#
Our results demonstrate that an oscillatory code can be used to encode familiarity and serves as a gate for oncoming sensory inputs. Finally, ongoing visually evoked θ (4–8 Hz) oscillations boost the visually evoked potential amplitude of incoming visual stimuli if the stimuli are presented at the high excitability phase of the oscillations. The oscillations were sensitive to the spatial frequency content of a visual stimulus and required the mAChRs for their induction and expression. The oscillations emerged in visually evoked potentials and single-unit activity following repeated visual stimulation. Here we describe a new form of experience-dependent low-frequency oscillations in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake adult male mice. However, the neural substrates underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. This can include the superposition of waves of differing frequencies and amplitudes, to give the continuous equivalent of a seemingly randomly varying target motion.Familiarity of the environment changes the way we perceive and encode incoming information.
Stimulus duration framen psychopy update#
So to update at, say 6 Hz rather than 60 Hz, you would just check whether the current frame number is a multiple of 10: if frameN % 10 = 0: # only change position on every 10th frameīut regardless of programming, isn't a randomly and discretely-stepping target a terrible stimulus to elicit smooth pursuit, which is inherently a continuous predictive process? There's a reason why decades of smooth pursuit research has used either linear ramps or smoothly varying sinusoidal functions. Builder maintains a variable called frameN, which increments from 0 at the start of each routine. For code placed in the "Each frame" tab, you can crudely throttle the drawing speed by not updating on every frame, but on some proportion of frames.
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